The Forgotten Chinese Holocaust Essays - Imperial Japanese Army

The Forgotten Chinese Holocaust Can you imagine your body being an object for experimentation while you're still alive? That's one of the things the Japanese did to the Chinese during the forgotten holocaust, the Chinese holocaust. Among the universal disputes between many countries, Japanese aggression on the Chinese was one of the worst events in history to ever take place. The Japanese also destroyed many cities of China. Specifically, they destroyed the city of NanJing by conducting mass bombings and remorseless killings. Other examples of Japanese horrific actions against the Chinese happened in a place called Unit 731. During the 1920's, NanJing only had a population of 250,000. However, during the 1930's, the city was highly populated with over one million residents. This increase was a result of the Japanese occupation and countless refugees fleeing to the city from Manchuria and other Chinese areas to the east of NanJing. The city of NanJing was a safe city for the Chinese until Japanese forces advanced towards it from Shanghai on November 11th, 1937. The Japanese planes bombed the wealthy and more populated areas of the city. The most devastating bombing occurred on September 25th, 1937. Its targets were focused upon hospitals with a red cross on the roof, refugee camps, power plants, water works, and radio stations. About 500 bombs were dropped from 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., and as a result, there were over 600 civilian casualties. ? On November 25th, Japanese forces attacked NanJing from three different directions. The Chinese city soon fell to the Japanese Imperial Army. As the Japanese entered the city, a massacre began which lasted six weeks. During that time, the Chinese were not simply murdered, but were humiliated, and tortured. The Japanese used unthinkable methods of murder. They chased the Chinese into the Yangtze River with machine guns, drowning them. They poured gasoline on people, shot them, and watched them flicker up. The Japanese cut the eyeballs out of men and then burned them while they were still alive.2 Some Chinese had their hearts cut out. Even babies were skewered and tossed into boiling water. The Japanese soldiers showed to be heartless when they made games out of these atrocities and used the victims as toys. Japanese generals organized contests of who could kill the most Chinese. Whoever killed to most would be the winner. Sometimes the number of bodies reached as high as five hundred in a single contest.3 News reporters came and observed the barbaric competitions and the victors were praised back in Japan. Their generals encouraged the Japanese soldiers to rape whenever they please, and so they did. After which they killed off the women. The victims has their stomachs cut open or their breasts chopped off. ?Comfort women? were kept as sex slaves to serve the Japanese soldiers throughout the day. The Massacre of NanJing was therefore also known as the ?Rape of NanJing.? The Japanese army finally left NanJing when the United States bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the six weeks of horror, NanJing was left in ruins. Nothing was left except the dead bodies that emitted an unbearable smell for miles around. The Japanese started a secret ?research program? during and after World War II. The program was set up to develop weapons of biological warfare, including plague, anthrax, cholera, and a dozen other pathogens.4 Even after the Geneva Protocol was signed by 145 countries, including Japan, to ban all gas and biological weapons. By ?field testing,? Chinese cities were invaded by plague bombs dropped by the Japanese to see if they could start plague outbreaks?they did. The Japanese planes dropped plague-infected fleas over Ningbo in eastern China and over Changde in north central China. No accounts were found regarding how many died of this. The plague caused high fever, vomiting of blood, shivering, respiratory failure, and body pains that resulted in a dark purple body color. Three out of every 4 who contracted this disease died.5 The Japanese hoped to use the soon to be developed weapons on the United States. They proposed using balloon bombs to carry disease to America and they had a plan in the summer of 1945 to use kamikaze pilots to dump plague infected fleas on San

Strategic Thinking and Effective Change Samsung

Strategic Thinking and Effective Change Samsung With over 200 subsidiaries across the continent, Samsung has devised a powerful business model in order to remain profitable (Samsung Global Strategy Group 2015). The firm uses innovative strategies and practices in order to produce new products. The concept of research and development (RD) is also taken seriously.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Strategic Thinking and Effective Change: Samsung specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such changes include eye-catching electronic devices and superior smartphones that can address the needs of more consumers. This paper analyses Samsung’s business strategy. The findings are used to recommend the most appropriate strategy that can support the strategic needs of this organisation in Asia. Current Strategic Position of Samsung Understanding Samsung’s Strategy Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Samsung was manufacturing and marketing cheap television sets and microw aves. According to history, the firm was struggling due to lack of superior products. The level of competition was extremely high thus making it impossible for Samsung to achieve most of its business goals. Many people believed that ‘the firm was also struggling with financial uncertainty’ (Lee Lee 2014, p. 4). Experts believe strongly that things have changed significantly for this giant company. The company’s products are superior and admirable. Many people ‘purchase Samsung’s products because they believe that they catch the pulse of the consumer’ (Singh 2012, p. 4). Samsung Group has understood how to focus on the buyer’s emotion. It achieves this goal by offering elegant, superior, and attention-grabbing devices. Such devices are designed in a professional manner in order to remain competitive in the global market. Within the past two decades, Samsung has been combining various business strategies in an attempt to address the chan ging expectations of its global customers. It has focused on the power of innovation in order to achieve these goals. The company’s products are designed to meet the needs of every high-end market (Jung, 2014). However, competition has always remained a major challenge for Samsung. That being the case, the firm focuses on powerful approaches in order to deal with the increasing level of competition. After producing its first Samsung Smartphone, the corporation conducted a thorough market research in order to understand the major issues facing different consumers. The firm realised that ‘most of the existing competitors were using high prices to market their devices’ (Bouman 2014, p. 8). This observation encouraged the firm to lower the prices of its smartphones by around 20 dollars in various nations. This move was aimed at attracting many potential customers. More people realised that such smartphones were affordable. The move made it easier for Samsung to marke t more smartphones than ever before. The same business strategy was adopted for every segment and product (Singh 2012). This move improved the company’s business performance within the shortest time possible.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above discussion gives a summary of Samsung’s business strategy. Samsung therefore continues to use a wide range of strategies and approaches in order to position itself in the global market. To begin with, the firm uses various approaches to change its brand image (Jung 2014). Samsung uses powerful adverts and innovative strategies in order to become the leading producer of quality devices and services. As well, brand repositioning is undertaken in an attempt to inform more people about the firm’s superior products. This practice has become ‘a long term investment at the company’ (Lee Lee 2014, p. 8). It is currently attracting a large number of potential buyers across Asia. PESTEL Analysis Political The political environment has been favourable for Samsung. However, the Asian region is associated with new political changes that can threaten its future performance. The current instability faced in Korea can affect the firm’s future. For example, the conflict between North Korea and South Korea can affect the region’s future political climate. Such political uncertainties can have disastrous implications on Samsung’s future business goals. Samsung considers such uncertainties whenever designing its strategic plans (Xu 2009). Economic The company operates in different Asian countries. The economic performances of such nations continue to dictate the firm’s business performance. The current economic vagueness experienced in the world should also be taken seriously. Many customers in different ‘Asian countries have portrayed a reduc ed purchasing ability’ (Markides 2004, p. 6). The firm is presently considering new strategies that can support its business objectives. Statistics show that the economies of the nations are rising steadily. South Korea’s current GDP is 1.39 trillion US dollars (Nakagawa 2014, p. 221). The slow economic growth encountered in China has led to reduction in shipments to the country. This issue can affect the region’s economy. Social Factors Asia has encountered new social values and practices due to the current wave of globalisation. The changing needs of the targeted customers will affect the corporation’s business model. For example, more people are travelling frequently and engaging in various social activities. Samsung will be required to re-pattern its business strategies in order to address the cultural values and needs of many consumers in Asia. Technological Factors The company is very innovative thus making it successful. Samsung has powerful techno logical abilities and strengths. It uses such technologies to produce innovative and superior mobile devices. The use of modern technologies makes it possible for the Samsung to realise its business objectives.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Strategic Thinking and Effective Change: Samsung specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Apple has ‘accused the firm of imitating its product design’ (Tong-hyung 2014, p. 3). The current lawsuit is affecting the trust of many customers in different parts of the world. The firm will also be required to use new technologies in an attempt to deal with competition and succeed in the smartphone industry (Xu 2009). Companies are also working hard to produce faster. Some competitors are also focusing on the superiority and effectiveness of bigger smartphones (Xu 2009). Environmental Factors New laws and policies force companies to engage in sustainable business pra ctices. The firm is expected to focus on sustainable business strategies and operations. The company is required to keep the environment clean, manage wastes, and support the needs of every surrounding community (Singh 2012). The company will have to ‘face stricter rules regarding the issue of sustainability in the coming years’ (Zafar, Habib Bilal 2014, p. 72). These environmental issues are critical towards supporting many firms in this industry. Legal Aspects Samsung has been forced ‘to pay heavy fines for charges that it imitated Apple’s iPhone and iPad’ (Tong-hyung 2014, p. 3). This legal issue discouraged more customers in different parts of the world from using the company’s devices. As well, the firm has to consider various business laws and regulations in order to achieve its objectives. The current lawsuits affecting the firm can affect its future business performance (Xu 2009). Analysis According to the above analysis, Samsung has been facing competition from many companies. Some of these companies include ‘Apple Incorporation, Sony, Toshiba, Ramtoms, and Hewlett Packard’ (Singh 2012, p. 7). It is also notable that the firm operates in different market segments thus attracting more competitors. The existence of competition is something that forces Samsung Group to focus on the most appropriate business approaches and practices. Such actions are undertaken in order to achieve its business potentials. This issue explains why Samsung Group has been undertaking numerous researches from the market. Such researches mainly focus ‘on the changing consumer preferences, competitive strengths of different companies, changing demographics, and emerging markets’ (Lee Lee 2014, p. 3). The next important step towards having a successful strategy is using reduced prices. Samsung Group ‘renews its pricing strategy frequently’ (Lee Lee 2007, p. 498). This move is undertaken in order to deal with the increasing level of competition. The pricing strategies are also dictated by the changing preferences and expectations of many Asian consumers. The prices used by immediate competitors are used to ensure the company’s products are purchased by more customers. The pricing strategy plays a significant role towards increasing the company’s sales and revenues.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above business model explains why Samsung is currently one of the most profitable companies in the world. Its presence in many emerging Asian nations makes it more competitive. The firm is also playing a major role in its industry. This is the case because it ‘sets the pace for innovation, product improvement, customer support, sustainability practices, and technology use’ (Singh 2012, p. 3). Samsung has also ‘forced different competitors to come up with superior gadgets that can meet the ever-changing needs of more consumers’ (Sun, Sun Xu 2014, p. 4). Samsung’s efforts have forced many players in the industry to reduce their prices. This move has made different smartphones available to more customers. Such efforts have made Samsung a recognisable player in the industry. Nature of the Industry Consumers of such smartphones have remained loyal than ever before. They ‘purchase new devices whenever they are launched in the market’ (Bou man 2014, p. 8). The leading players in the industry have understood how to focus on this kind of loyalty. The competitors are always convinced that every new product will attract more potential buyers (Kess Isoherranen 2014). This massive industry is therefore characterised by numerous companies that market different smartphones to the increasing number of potential consumers. Bouman (2014) argues that the ‘industry is defined by ever-evolving designs and mobile technologies’ (p. 11). The leading competitors in the industry use aggressive pricing methods and continuous imitation in order to achieve the best outcomes. Most of the targeted consumers are very sensitive about prices thus forcing the players to focus on the best business practices. The major consumers in this industry are usually aged between 18 and 45. As well, many older citizens and politicians have been observed to purchase such mobile devices. Rivalry has also remained extremely high in this industry. This is the case because many competitors use similar pricing strategies, technologies, and RD processes in order to address the changing needs of more customers (Sun, Sun Xu 2014). However, some companies have identified their specific competitive advantages in order to remain successful in this industry. Apple has remained the biggest player in the smartphone industry. The firm is admired by many customers because of its ability to innovate and produce powerful devices. It focuses on a few devices in order to achieve the best outcomes. Apple Incorporation has ‘remained the most profitable, successful, and admirable firm in the industry’ (Singh 2012, p. 13). It is also ‘identified as one of the biggest technology corporations in the globe today’ (Kess Isoherranen 2014, p. 1117). The firm uses powerful RD strategies and numerous resources to produce revolutionary smartphones such as the iPhone 4 and the iPhone 5. The company launched the iPhone 6 thus ma king it the most successful smartphone in the whole world. This argument shows clearly that Apple is a successful player in the industry. As mentioned earlier, the smartphone industry focuses on the needs of many customers aged between 18 and 45 years. Majority of these customers have good jobs and opportunities. They are tech-savvy and have good education (Singh 2012). The competitors in the industry also understand how to partner with different software producers in order to deliver powerful apps. Such applications are usually aimed at addressing the needs of these potential customers. The ‘other important observation is that the customers are global’ (Sun et al. 2014, p. 11). This means that the players in the smartphone industry should use international strategies to market their devices to more customers. Bouman (2014) believes strongly that ‘new markets will continue to emerge for these smartphones’ (p. 5). More young and old people are embracing the benefits of such smartphones. The availability of 3G and 4G internet services also makes such devices more useful. These developments encourage more competitors in the industry to produce quality products than ever before. Samsung’s Value Chain Samsung uses a powerful value chain strategy in order to achieve its goals. The firm’s logistical operations are executed by different companies and subsidiaries. For instance, Samsung Electronics Logitec plays a major role towards supporting the company’s operations (Samsung Global Strategy Group 2015). The operations make it easier for the company to deliver more goods to different potential customers. Proper marketing strategies are also used to support to support the company’s value chain. Sales promotions, advertisements, competent marketers, and logistical operations support the company’s value chain. The firm also focuses on the best practices in order to deliver quality services to different customer s. The other important consideration is that Apple uses powerful production strategies. It has been outsourcing different services in order to produce its superior devices. This approach has continued to produce the best results. This is the case because the firm has managed to reduce its production costs. The reduction of its production costs makes it possible for the company to market its superior products using reduced prices (Kess Isoherranen 2014). The firm’s revolutionary devices have remained successful in different parts of the world. However, Apple can never ignore the presence of powerful competitors such as Samsung, HTC, and Nokia, and Tecno (Kess Isoherranen 2014). This situation explains why these companies focus on the most appropriate strategies in an attempt to emerge successful in the smartphone industry. Challenges Facing Samsung Many companies in this industry continue to face various challenges. Most of these challenges are external in nature. That being the case, the firms must identify and use the most appropriate strategies in order to achieve their business potentials. Samsung is currently facing numerous challenges. It is appropriate for the firm to use powerful strategies and approaches in order to deal with such problems (Bouman 2014). This approach will make it easier for the firm to achieve its business objectives. The PESTEL analysis presented below gives a detailed analysis of the major external factors affecting the corporation Business Environment Samsung also faces different strengths and weaknesses. Such strengths have been critical towards supporting its business strategy. The existing weaknesses are monitored and analysed in order to develop better strategies for effective business performance (Zafar, Habib Bilal 2014). The existence of opportunities encourages the company to pursue most of its business goals in a specific market such as Asia. Some threats can also affect the company’s future performance. T he SWOT Analysis presented below gives a succinct summary of the company’s external and internal environments. Porter’s Five Forces The industry’s level of rivalry and attractiveness continues to present new challenges to the company. A proper understanding of the forces faced by Samsung in the industry can encourage the leaders to make appropriate business decisions (Rowley Paik 2008). Such decisions will eventually support the company’s business practices. The Porter’s Five Forces presented below gives a detailed overview of the major issues facing this company. Industry rivalry The smartphone industry has become very competitive. This is the case because there are many companies such as Nokia, Apple, and LG. Most of these companies ‘are fighting for dominance in the industry thus making it impossible for Samsung to become the leading player’ (Katkyama 2010, p. 24). Competition in emerging Asian markets is also on the rise. These ch anges continue to affect the company’s performance in the smartphone industry. Barriers to entry This industry has giant corporations with operations in many countries. Every newcomer will be forced to incur numerous expenses in order to have a significant impact (Manchester 2012). As well, the companies incur numerous expenses in order to market their revolutionary devices to more consumers. This situation explains why the threat of new entrants is extremely low (Nedelea Paun 2009). However, the existing players are making it hard for the firm to achieve most of its business potentials. Bargaining power of buyers Many customers are providential to choose the best smartphones in the market. This is the case because the market has been flooded with different devices (Manchester 2012). The buyers are also ready to purchase specific products that can satisfy their changing expectations. Producers and marketers of such phones must consider these needs in order to innovate the be st smartphones (Nedelea Paun 2009). Many consumers also want different companies to engage in sustainable practices. The bargaining power of such customers is extremely high thus forcing Samsung to embrace better business practices. Bargaining power of different suppliers Many suppliers in the industry are able to offer quality services. They also supply a wide range of raw materials and accessories. Companies such as Samsung should be ready to address the needs of such suppliers in order to achieve their potentials. It is appropriate for companies in this sector to analyse the changing behaviours and demands of these suppliers (Hill Jones 2012). This approach will make such companies more successful. Substitute goods The ‘smartphone industry is associated with a wide range of superior and substandard mobile devices’ (Hill Jones 2012, p. 18). These smartphones can complete various tasks and satisfy the needs of more customers. Samsung has been forced to use powerful pricing methods in an attempt to deal with this threat. The existence of such products will make it impossible for companies such as Samsung to become the leading players in the industry (Samsung Electronics: Sustainability Report 2014). The firm should therefore use powerful business tactics in order to attract more customers. The smartphone industry is characterised by ‘unique trends that are not observed in the other sectors’ (Kess Isoherranen 2014, p. 1114). To begin with, the level of competition in the industry has led to new changes and improvements. Such improvements are recorded every year in an attempt to deliver the best support to more customers. As well, the industry is ‘fast-paced because the players have the required financial strength’ (Bouman 2014, p. 8). The companies operating in this industry have been focusing on the power of RD in an attempt to produce superior products. Such products are aimed at transforming the lifestyles of the ta rgeted customers. This fact explains why smartphones have been constantly changing. The companies have been adding new features that can attract more customers. Every new smartphone is believed to be ‘an improvement of its immediate predecessor’ (Bouman 2014, p. 9). SWOT Analysis Internal analysis The other important aspect of Samsung’s strategy is its continued focus on research and development (RD). Samsung uses the concept of RD to identify the gaps facing the industry. The firm attracts new experts in order to produce new smartphones that can compete successfully in the global market. The same approach is used to improve different products in order to make them superior (Lee Lee 2007). Innovation is embraced at this company. The practice makes it easier for Samsung to produce new products that can address various gaps in the market. Consumer feedbacks and suggestions are considered whenever innovating new products. Samsung has managed to produce powerful pro ducts that have the potential to address the needs of its loyal customers. Strengths Samsung is one of the leading manufacturers of smartphone devices. It also has successful electronic devices in the market. Its positive performance in the mobile phone segment because it an admirable brand. The firm has impressive RD technologies and design capabilities. Every Samsung’s device ‘is known for its longer battery life’ (Tong-hyung 2014, p. 7). The firm enjoys a wide presence across the globe. Samsung ‘is a leader in innovation’ (Chen 2015, p. 2). The corporation has strong relationships with different retailers across Asia and beyond. Samsung operates in different market segments thus reducing its risks. Samsung’s smartphones have superior features and applications thus making them successful in the market. Weaknesses Samsung has been ‘unable to devise the best marketing capabilities for its smartphones’ (Tong-hyung 2014, p. 2 ). Many Chinese companies are producing superior phones thus attracting more customers in the Asian market. Such companies include HTC, Huawei, and Xiaomi. The ‘firm focuses mainly on its consumer electronics segment’ (Rowley Paik 2008, p. 43). The firm targets customers in developed nations thus reducing its opportunities for future growth. Many consumers ‘believe that Android operating system is inferior to Apple Corporation’s iOS’ (Rowley Paik 2008, p. 49). This weakness explains why many customers fail to purchase Samsung’s devices. The firm lacks sophisticated and appropriate marketing efforts. Opportunities Many people are currently purchasing different smartphones in Asia. Such customers are also looking for superior mobile devices and tablets. This situation creates a new opportunity for the company. The increasing level of demand for mobile-based solutions and applications continues to attract more customers. The emergence of w earable tech is an opportunity for the company. Asia is characterised by an emerging number of middleclass citizens. This increase is an opportunity for Samsung. The firm will market its products to more potential buyers. The current use of online platforms and social media can improve the firm’s marketing capabilities. Threats The level of competition from Apple is extremely high. Apple and Samsung are ‘always fighting on Patents’ (Chen 2015, p. 2). Some ‘competitors are producing cheaper and superior smartphones such as HTC’ (Chen 2015, p. 3). Apple ‘is admired by many consumers because of its sophistication, quality, and reliability’ (Rowley Paik 2008, p. 76). The emergence of many Chinese companies poses a threat to the firm. Samsung’s products have immediate rivals or substitutes in the market. Tackling the Above Challenges: Implications The use of Change Theory can produce the best results. For instance, Kurt Lewinà ¢â‚¬â„¢s change theory can produce the best outcomes (Hernaus 2011). The PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces presented above should be used to address the issues affecting Samsung. The firm uses different strategies in order to deal with the above challenges. Such strategies are aimed at supporting the targeted business objectives. The first approach focuses on the power of continued research and innovation. Samsung Group has employed advanced technologies and experts in order to produce quality smartphones. Such devices can compete successfully in the global market (Samsung Electronics: Sustainability Report 2014). The ‘firm uses the concept of innovation in order to realise every targeted goal’ (Hernaus 2011, p. 7). The innovative practices embraced by the company are aimed at addressing various issues. The first issue to consider is the changing expectations of different consumers. The company produces powerful devices and smartphones that can deliver the best pro mises to such customers. The proposed theory will ensure the firm focuses on the best outcomes. The completed PESTEL outlines the business strategies and innovations embraced by different competitors. The firm uses the strategy to produce new devices that can deal with the challenge of competition. Unfortunately, the firm has faced numerous lawsuits from Apple Incorporation. The move has also ‘affected the company’s profitability after paying heavy penalties for alleged mobile design infringement’ (Jung 2014, p. 137). These penalties have affected the company’s image thus discouraging more consumers in different parts of Asia from purchasing its products. This challenge has emerged from the company’s continued efforts to become successful. The second strategy used by Samsung in order to deal with the above challenges revolves around the concept of pricing. Nakagawa (2014) argues that ‘Samsung’s pricing strategy has been appropriate with in the past ten years’ (p. 223). The firm examines the prices used by its rival companies. The firm uses cheaper prices to market its smartphones. This strategy has encouraged more customers to purchase and use the company’s mobile devices. The emergence of cheaper products in the market has threatened the sustainability of Samsung’s devices. For instance, HTC is currently marketing cheaper smartphones in the market. New players such as Lenovo are making it impossible for Samsung to remain the leading player in the smartphone industry. Many consumers in Asia have also been associating the company’s cheap prices with ineffectiveness. This new problem continues to affect the company’s performance. The firm is also known to use proactive measures in an attempt to deal with competition. For instance, the company produces numerous devices within a very short time. This prolific approach makes it easier for the firm’s devices to compete directly w ith other superior products. Many customers have been ‘purchasing such products because they are superior, elegant, and cheap’ (Hernaus 2011, p. 8). However, this strategy has resulted in new problems. For instance, Samsung’s prolific strategy has discouraged many customers especially in the developing world. Many Asians are ‘not ready to purchase new devices after every six months’ (Chang 2011, p. 76). That being the case, the targeted customers have decided to focus on superior devices such as the iPhone 6. Samsung also embraces the power of technological changes in order to deal with competition and address every challenges encountered in the industry. The firm collaborates with different companies such as Google Incorporation in an attempt to produce powerful smartphones. The company’s devices use Android operating system (Nakagawa 2014). However, many ‘consumers in the developing world believe strongly that the operating system is n o match for Apple’s iOS’ (Chang 2011, p. 12). This scenario explains why the company’s products are yet to perform positively in the Asian market (Nakagawa 2014). The above tools show how the external environment is forcing different companies such as Samsung to engage in sustainable practices. The concept of sustainability focuses on different issues such as ‘waste management, environmental conservation, and focus on the existing regulations’ (Chang 2011, p. 98). The firm has collaborated with different stakeholders in order to promote the most appropriate sustainability practices. The corporation is therefore required to embrace the best practices in order to deal with these implications. The decision ‘to invest in new countries has encountered numerous challenges such as political instability, economic uncertainty, and reduced revenues’ (Chang 2011, p. 103). Recommendations to Meet the Company’s Strategic Needs According to th e proposed theory, several changes will be required in order to support Samsung’s strategic needs and objectives. Such changes should be executed in accordance with the internal and external forces affecting the corporation. It is agreeable that Samsung uses some of the best business practices in an attempt to emerge successful (Samsung Global Strategy Group 2015). However, the challenges identified above have been making it impossible for Samsung to realise most of its business goals (Chen 2015). The SWOT Analysis presented below should be used to support the best strategies. The first route should focus on the benefits of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This approach makes it easier for many corporations to engage in ethical and sustainable businesses. Samsung’s new CSR should consider every ethical, legal, and environmental issue in order to achieve the best outcomes. The approach will ensure the company’s innovation and RD team produces original ideas . Such designs should ‘be competitive, innovative, and revolutionary’ (Chen 2015, p. 3). The firm should involve different stakeholders whenever addressing various sustainability issues. A powerful ‘market strategy should consider different factors such as the prices of competitors, demographics, consumer needs, and presence of substitute goods’ (Jung 2014, p. 138). The above Porter’s Five Forces model should be used to address the needs of different suppliers and customers. The understanding will ensure the firm identifies ‘new market segments, technological changes, and changing demographics’ (Nakagawa 2014, p. 224). The targeted customers in the continent will be able to support the company’s business strategy and eventually make the firm successful. Competition is something unavoidable in the smartphone industry. Innovative marketing approaches and customer-focused practices will eventually support the company’s entrepr eneurial needs. TOWS Analysis External Scanning Internal Environment Opportunities Emerging markets Demand for smartphones New technologies Economic and demographic changes Strengths Global company Brand name/image Innovation and RD Customer loyalty Powerful entrepreneurial culture Diverse distribution practices Diverse products and segments S/O Strategies Focus on a small number of market segments. Use a powerful marketing strategy that considers the changing behaviours of consumers and competitors. Embrace the benefits of ethical business practice and CSR strategies. This TOWS Analysis shows that Samsung should redesign its strategy. Samsung’s focus on different products affects its competitiveness in the global market environment (Chen 2015). This situation should encourage the company’s leaders to concentrate on a limited number of segments. The smartphone sector should also be given priority because it has the potential to produce the best results (Katkyama 2010). These strategic paths will eventually make Samsung a leading marketer of advanced smartphones in Asia. Appendix Mission Devoting our technology and talent towards creating superior services and products that can contribute to a sustainable global society. Vision Samsung is committed to inspire its stakeholders and communities by leveraging new technology, creative solutions, and innovative products. Reference List Bouman, T 2014, Samsung Enterprise Business: XChange Solution Provider, xchange-events.com/files/9213/9422/5169/Samsung_Todd-Bouman_The-New-Business-Experience_XSP2014.pdf Chang, S 2011, Sony vs Samsung: The Inside Story of the Electronics Giants Battle, McGraw Hill, New York. Chen, L 2015, ‘The Worlds Largest Tech Companies: Apple Beats Samsung, Microsoft, Google’, Forbes, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-4. Hernaus, T 2011, ‘Business Trends and Tendencies in Organisation Design and Work Design Practice: Identifying Cause-and-Effect Relationsh ips’, Working Papers Series, vol. 11, no. pp. 2-18. Hill, C Jones, G 2012, Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, Cengage Learning, Boston. Jung, S 2014, ‘The Analysis of Strategic Management of Samsung Electronics Company through the Generic Value Chain Model’, International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 133-142. Katkyama, H 2010, ‘Significance of Lean Management and Contribution toward Customer Satisfaction’, Industrial Engineering Magazine, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 22-27. Kess, P Isoherranen, V 2014, ‘Business strategies analysis by strategy typology and orientation framework’, Management, Knowledge, and Learning, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1111-1120. Lee, B Lee, S 2014, Case of Samsung’s Mobile Phone Business, http://211.253.40.86/mille/service/PBH/10000/IMG/000000000489/W04-11.pdf. Lee, W Lee, N 2007, ‘Understanding Samsung’s Diversification Strategy: The Case of S amsung Motors Incorporation’, Long Range Planning, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 488-504. Manchester, C 2012, ‘General Human Capital and Employee Mobility’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 951-974. Markides, C 2004, ‘What is Strategy and how do you know if you have one’, Business Strategy Review, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 5-12. Nakagawa, R 2014, ‘The Rapid Growth of the Smartphone Market in China and the Business Ecosystem’, AJ, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 219-229. Nedelea, S Paun, L 2009, ‘The Importance of the Strategic Management Process in the Knowledge-Based Economy’, Review of International Comparative Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 95-105. Rowley, C Paik, Y 2008, The Changing Face of Korean Management, Longman, New York. Samsung Electronics: Sustainability Report 2014, samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/investor_relations/corporate_governance/corporatesocialresponsibility/downloads/2014sustainabilityreport.pdf Samsung Global Strategy Group 2015, http://sgsg.samsung.com/samsung/value.do. Singh, D 2012, ‘The High-Quality Low-Price Business Strategy of Samsung Mobile in Penetrating Competitive Market of India’, SSRN, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-16. Sun, J, Sun, X Xu, T 2014, ‘Competitive Advantage Based on Innovation: The Case of Samsung’, Renmin School of Business, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-13. Tong-hyung, K 2014, Samsung to Beef Up Risk Management, koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/12/123_78214.html Xu, R 2009, ‘Analysis of Samsung Notebook Strategy: Case Study for Samsung Notebook’, NHH, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-76. Zafar, F, Habib, I Bilal, H 2014, ‘How to achieve Financial Gains with Corporate Social Responsibility in Businesses’, European Journal of Business and Management, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 68-77.

The life and seal art achievement of ONE famous Qing dynasty seal Essay

The life and seal art achievement of ONE famous Qing dynasty seal artitst - Essay Example As such, one great seal artist of the Qing Dynasty was Wu Changshuo, who also doubled up as a calligrapher. Born in 1844, Wu held various positions in the Chinese society till his demise in 1927. These included being a painter, a calligrapher, a seal artist, and even a poet. He alternated between the various activities, but the major focus was on seal art. Moreover, he was majorly associated with the Hai and Zhe Schools of seal art, which grew to become some of the most famous seal art schools. Therefore, this means that he developed numerous forms of seal art during his period, consequently making him one of the most famous and successful seal artists of the time (Penn 2005, p. 56). Wu Changshuo seal art showing the physical aspects of the seal art itself. The first two are a representation of what the outcome of the seals look like, while the one above depicts the actual means for setting the seals. From the above, it can be noted that Chinese seal art was one major aspect of the societal development particularly in the Qing dynasty. This is as been illustrated by the above examples from Wu Changshuo as a famous Qing Dynasty seal artists. While there were different seal artists during the Qing Dynasty, Wu’s approach proved to be one of the most unique, since his seals were the most generally accepted seals as compared to the rest. Therefore, the historical perspective on Wu Changshuo serves the right purpose especially in relation to the aspect of ancient Chinese seal

Hum final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hum final - Essay Example The conquest of Rome is undeniably one of the greatest if not the greatest conquest in human history. Their politics have taught humanity on first, respect for the laws and second, importance of the community as central in the development of the individual person in his private sphere as well as in his public sphere. Aside form that, they have taught humanity â€Å"that one may achieve peace of mind by avoiding burdensome responsibilities, gloomy companions, and excessive wealth. Stoicism offered a reasoned retreat from psychic pain and moral despair, as well as a practical set of solutions to the daily strife between the self and society† ( Fiero 135) But the greatness of Rome seems to be second only in comparison with the greatest man that ever walked the face of the earth – Jesus. The â€Å"search for the historical Jesus is complicated by many factors† (Fiero 163), but what is clear is that the story of Jesus have touched billions of lives all over the world. The greatness of Jesus is that he afforded us a new paradigm with which humanity may comprehend our relationship with God. Jesus has taken away the picture of the jealous warrior God that is one of the dominant images of God in the Old Testament. In fact, his entire human life is a living testimony to his claim that ‘God is Father’. Though scholars and exegetes may disagree what is clear is that â€Å"Jesus is the recognizable human face of God† (Wright 70). In the end, these readings are significant primarily because not solely because of the greatness of the topics that they have delved with but that the Roman heritage and Jesus story are contradictories yet real in the realm of human experience. Of the many things that we have discussed in class, I have come to realize and appreciate the fact that the Western Heritage is built on the sagacity of ancient men and women who have tried to understand how we can really understand the human condition. Their discourses open to us

About silk road Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

About silk road - Essay Example The whole process happened in a period. Traders who operate on the Silk Roads, however, they take great interest mostly in the safety of the products that they are particularly interested and in products that they trade in. This assures them of the protection of the trade route i.e. the Silk route or the Silk Road (Elisseeff 222). This paper will give detailed information on the silk roads including all the aspects. This means that the importance of silk roads will be covered in detail. Additionally, the history and the origin of these roads will be covered. On the other hand the disadvantages or the pros of the roads will also be given. Many researchers have conducted researches on these types of roads thus giving relevant information about Silk roads. The Silk Roads as discussed above are said to have originated during the 1st century. It came to this because of the efforts of the country China. China at first consolidated a road to the Western world and India. The two routes were obtained through direct settlement in the area of the Tarim Basim and diplomatic relationship countries of the Parthians, Dayuan and Bactrians further west. People used these routes to extract opportunities to exchange culture and other behaviors (Elisseeff 243). After the Roman conquest that happened in Egypt in 30 BC, the regular communications and the trade between several countries blossomed on an unprecedented scale. The countries that were on this blossom were China, India, Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia. It was found that the Roman Empire inherited the eastern trade routes from the earlier Hellenistic powers and the Arabs. After the Roman Empire took over the Silk Roads, the citizens of the Roman Empire would have the opportunity of receiving luxuries and greater prosperity for the empire as a whole. With the presence of the Silk Roads, the Greco-Roman trade kept on rising to new levels. This trade was started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BC. The trade rose to about

Invitations Refusal Strategies In American And Vietnamese

Invitations Refusal Strategies In American And Vietnamese Human communication is a combination of cooperation and understanding. Success in communication depends greatly on the ability to recognize speakers communicative intentions and pragmatic meaning of their utterances. Actually, those who may be regarded as fluent in a second language owing to their phonetic, syntactic and semantic knowledge of that language may still be unable to produce language that is socially and culturally appropriate. As a result, Larina (2008) shows that numerous problems in communication occur because people do not only speak different languages but use them in different ways according to specific social and linguistic norms, values, and social-cultural convention. Many people devalue the importance of invitations refusal strategies because normally, it is a person right to say something he/she doesnt like or doesnt want to. However, it is not as simple as it is thought to be since misbehavior in this domain can result in the interlocutors feeling of being shocked, angry, or even seriously insulted. It is because every body, as a human being, expects the appreciation and respect from others. America and Vietnam are two countries with different culture so their social and linguistic norms are different as well. This paper is an attempt to provide a cross-culture comparison of ways American and Vietnamese deal with a tactful-required kind of speech act: refusing an invitation. In this paper, the similarities and differences in refusal strategies between American native speakers and Vietnamese native speakers will be discussed under three circumstances: when the invitee is at a lower status; when the invitee is at an equal status; and when the inv itee is at a higher status. To make my topic more practical, I also suggest some implications in language teaching. I hope that this paper will be a contribution to the study of cross-cultural pragmatic understanding and effective communication. Speech acts In the 1950s and 60s two philosophers of language, John Austin and John Searle, developed speech act theory from their observation that language is used to do things other than just refer to the truth or falseness of particular statements. Austins book How to Do Things with Words (1962) is the next to a series of lectures he gave at Harvard University on this topic. John Searle, a student of Austin, further developed Austins work in his book Speech Acts, which was published in 1969. Austins and Searles work appeared at a time when logical positivism was the prevailing view in the philosophy of language. They launched a strong and influential attack on this work. The logical positive view of language argued that a sentence is always used to describe some fact, or state of affairs and, unless it could be tested for truth or falsity, is basically meaningless. Austin and Searle observed that there are many sentences that cannot meet such truth conditions but that are, nevertheless, valid sentences and do things that go beyond their literal meaning. Searle and Austin argued that in the same way that we perform physical acts, such as having a meal or closing a door, we can also perform acts by using language. We can use language, for example, to give orders, to make requests, to give warnings, or to give advice. They called these speech acts. Thus people do things with words in much the same way as they perform physical actions. Paltridge (2000) provided us the definition of Speech Act: A Speech Act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. Some examples are an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment or refusal. A speech act might contain just one word such as No to perform a refusal or several words or sentences such as: Im sorry, I cant, I have a prior engagement. It is important to mention that speech acts include real-life interactions and require not only knowledge of the language but also appropriate use of that language within a given culture. Socio-cultural variables like authority, social distance, and situational setting influence the appropriateness and effectiveness of politeness strategies used to realize directive speech acts such as requests (p. 15). Refusal as a speech act According to Al-Eryani (2007), a refusal is a respond negatively to an offer, request, invitation, etc. Refusals, as all the other speech acts, occur in all languages. However, not all languages/ cultures refuse in the same way nor do they feel comfortable refusing the same invitation or suggestion. Moreover, how one says no may be more important in many societies than the answer itself. Therefore, sending and receiving a message of no is a task that needs special skills. The interlocutor must know when to use the appropriate form and its function. The speech act and its social elements depend on each group and their cultural-linguistic values. Refusals are considered to be a face-threatening act among the speech acts. Face means the public self-image of a person. It refers to that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize. Refusals threaten the inviters face because they contradict hisher expectations and restrict the inviters freedom to act according to hisher will. On the other hand, refusals may threaten the addressees public image to maintain approval from others. Because a failure to refuse appropriately can risk the interpersonal relations of the speakers, refusals usually include various strategies to avoid offending ones interlocutors. However, it requires a high level of pragmatic competence and the choice of these strategies may vary across languages and cultures. For example, in refusing invitations, offers and suggestions, gratitude was regularly expressed by American English speakers, but rarely by Egyptian Arabic speakers (Nelson, Al-batal, and Echols, 1996). When Mandarin Chinese speakers wanted to refuse requests, they expressed positive opinion (e.g., I would like toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) much less frequently than American English since Chinese informants were concerned that if they ever expressed positive opinions, they would be forced to comply (Liao and Bressnahan, 1996). Politeness Politeness can be at once be understood as a social phenomenon, a means to achieve good interpersonal relationships, and a norm imposed by social conventions. So it is phenomenal, instrumental and normative by nature. According to Brown and Levinson (as cited in Politeness, 1997), politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearers face. Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself, and maintaining that self-esteem in public or in private situations. Usually you try to avoid embarrassing the other person, or making them feel uncomfortable. Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) are acts that infringe on the hearers need to maintain his/her self esteem, and be respected. Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing with these FTAs. What would you do if you saw a cup of pens on your teachers desk, and you wanted to use one, would you say, Ooh, I want to use one of those! say, So, is it O.K. if I use one of those pens? say, Im sorry to bother you but, I just wanted to ask you if I could use one of those pens? Indirectly say, Hmm, I sure could use a blue pen right now. There are four types of politeness strategies, described by Brown and Levinson (as cited in Politeness, 1997), that sum up human politeness behavior: Bald On Record, Negative Politeness, Positive Politeness, and Off-Record-indirect strategy. If you answered A, you used what is called the Bald On-Record strategy which provides no effort to minimize threats to your teachers face. If you answered B, you used the Positive Politeness strategy. In this situation you recognize that your teacher has a desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity. If you answered C, you used the Negative Politeness strategy which similar to Positive Politeness in that you recognize that they want to be respected. However, you also assume that you are in some way imposing on them. Some other examples would be to say, I dont want to bother you but or I was wondering if If you answered D, you used Off-Record indirect strategies. The main purpose is to take some of the pressure off of you. You are trying not to directly impose by asking for a pen. Instead you would rather it be offered to you once the teacher realizes you need one, and you are looking to find one. In many ways, politeness is universal. It is resorted to by speakers of different languages as a means to an end and it is recognized as a norm in all societies. Despite its universality, the actual manifestations of politeness, the ways to realize politeness and the standards of judgment differ in different cultures. On her thesis, Nguyen, T. L (2010) points out some aspects we should consider in order to achieve the goal of politeness as following: The social background of the communicator. Generally, the more educated a man is, the more he tends to show his politeness to other people. The more he knows about the suitable ways to show politeness, the better he uses them to be polite to others. Besides, the personality of the communicator is also very important here. Good-tempered person prefers to use face-saving act while bad-tempered person prefers face-threatening act when they come across the face-losing condition. The communicative circumstances. Communication is a very complicated process. In formal occasions, people tend to use formal expressions to show politeness, esp. between the new acquaintances. While in informal states, people tend to be casual to show intimacy even if it is in the very moment they meet. And that doesnt mean impoliteness. Look at the following example: Ex 1: A man came into a bar and said to the waiter: Hi! Buddy! Gimme some whisky, would ya? Although theyve never met before, the man used very casual phrases to enclose their relationship. This is a usual way to show friendliness to strangers in similar entertaining places. The social distance. The social distance between speaker and hearer is one of the factors that determine politeness behaviors. The notion of social distance refers to the consideration of the roles people are taking in relation to one another in a particular situation as well as how well they know each other, which means the degree of intimacy between interlocutors. However, there are still some exceptions. For example, people often use family names to call their close friends, and when these people speak to each other, they will use direct offer or request. But sometimes they use very formal expressions in their speech. Look at the following example. Ex 2: Husband to his wife: Would you be so kind as to hand the bread over to me? Surely we know that the wife has just quarreled with the husband and the husband is trying to amuse her in a certain way. The cultural differences. Different culture causes different views of values, which affects the criteria of politeness and leads to differences in various aspects. +Ways to greet each others and farewells. + Ways to address terms. + Ways to praise others. + Ways to express thanksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Directness and indirectness Directness and indirectness are basic form of expression, which are universal in all languages and culture. Directness is a style of communication in which speaker want to get the straight forward to the points. The speech interprets exactly and literally what the speaker said. The power of directness is the hearer does not have to look for what the speaker might have mean by uttering such and such sentence. Everything in their interaction is expressed explicitly. Misunderstanding hardly occurs. Indirectness is any communicative behavior, verbal or nonverbal that conveys something more than or different from what it literally means. In order to protect privacy, to minimize the imposition on the hearer and to avoid the risk of losing face, there is a preference for indirectness on the part of the speaker to smooth the conversational interaction. For example when conveying the pragmatic meaning I want you to do it, the English make special effort to diminish and soften their imposition and show their respect for other peoples privacy. An illustration of this is when someone says can you pass the salt? Here, they are not asking about your ability to pass the salt the literal meaning of the sentence but requesting you to pass the salt. This is very common in service encounters where can is often used to refer to something other than ability or permission. There are many socio-cultural factors affecting the directness or indirectness of utterances. Nguyen (1998) (as cited in Nguyen, T. M. P, p.13) proposes 12 factors that, in his view, may affect the choice of directness and indirectness in communication: 1. Age: the old tend to be more indirect than the young. 2. Sex: females prefer indirect expression. 3. Residence: the rural population tends to use more indirectness than the urban. 4. Mood: while angry, people tend to use more indirectness. 5. Occupation: those who study social sciences tend to use more indirectness than those who study natural sciences. 6. Personality: the extroverted tend to use more directness than the introverted. 7. Topic: while referring to a sensitive topic, a taboo, people usually opt for indirectness. 8. Place: when at home, people tend to use more directness than when they are elsewhere. 9. Communication environment/setting: when in an informal climate, people tend to express themselves in a direct way. 10. Social distance: those who have closer relations tend to talk in a more direct way. 11. Time pressure: when in a hurry, people are likely to use direct expressions. 12. Position: when in a superior position, people tend to use more directness to their inferiors. These factors help to determine the strategies as well as the number of semantic formulae used when speakers perform the act of refusing. Comparison of refusal strategies in America and Vietnamese Basing on the data collected from Nguyen, T. L (2010), I will focus on three situations in which American and Vietnamese refuse the invitations from inviters who have higher, equal and lower status than theirs respectively. (1), (2), (3), (4) means position of the utterance is presented. When the invitee is at a lower status. The components which are typically found in Americans way of refusals when the invitee is at a lower status are (1) Gratitude/appreciation + (2) Excuse/reasons/explanation + (3) Positive opinion. For example, when a student declines a professors invitation of having lunch with his/her family, he/she might answer as following: Thank you. I have already eaten. Its so nice of you to ask. [(1) Gratitude + (2) Reason + (3) Positive opinion] 2. Thank you but I just had lunch. [(1) Gratitude + (2) Reason] 3. I just ate at the Indian restaurant down the street and I got a little indigestion, thank you though. [(1) Reason + (2) Gratitude] Vietnamese native speakers tend to use the formula: (1) Thank you + (2) Addressing term + (3) Offer for alternatives or a promise for future acceptance. For example: Cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £m Æ ¡n già ¡o sÆ °, Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ khi khà ¡c em sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ dà ¹ng bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯a cà ¹ng gia Ä‘Ã ¬nh thà ¡Ã‚ ºy à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡. (Thank you, professor. I will join with your family next time.) [(1) Gratitude + (2) Addressing term + (3) Promise for future acceptance] 2. Cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £m Æ ¡n già ¡o sÆ °, mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i thà ¡Ã‚ ºy và   gia Ä‘Ã ¬nh cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ © dà ¹ng bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯a tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± nhià ªn à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡. (Thank you, professor. Be yourself with you family.) [(1) Gratitude + (2) Addressing term + (3) Alternaitves] 3. Em cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £m Æ ¡n thà ¡Ã‚ ºy, thà ¡Ã‚ ºy dà ¹ng bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯a tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± nhià ªn, em ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i uà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng nÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc trà   Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £i thà ¡Ã‚ ºy cÃ…Â ©ng Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡. (Thank you, professor. Be yourself. I will drink some tea to wait for you.) [(1) Gratitude + (2) Addressing term + (3) Alternatives] According to the results above, both American and Vietnamese use expression of gratitude/appreciation in their refusals; However, gratitude maybe in different orders (either at the beginning or at the end of the utterance). One noticeable difference occurs in this component of refusal is that Vietnamese prefer offering a promise in the future to maintain the relationship between the professor and the student. Vietnamese speakers are somehow less likely to give a straightforward respond to decline the professors invitation. In contrast, Americans often say directly the reason why they cannot accept the invitation by saying I have eaten or I just had lunch. Besides, Americans only use their popular addressing term you and I while Vietnamese tend to use many addressing terms such as Professor or Mr. in the conversation between the professor and the students. When the invitee is at an equal status. The second case involves the speaker refusing an inviter who has equal position with him/her. When refusing a classmates invitation, American normally use this formula: (1) Regret/excuse + (2) Offer of alternatives or a promise for the future acceptance. For instance: Im really sorry. I have another commitment. I am generally available. Can we set it up for another time? [(1) Regret + (2) Reason + (3) Offer an alternative] 2. What a pity. I already have plans. Please let me know the next time you go and I would love to come along. [(1) Regret + (2) Reason + (3) Promise for future acceptance] Meanwhile Vietnamese semantic formula is (1) A promise for the future acceptance/ an offer of alternative + (2) reasons as following: Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ là ¡Ã‚ ºn sau nhà ©, là ¡Ã‚ ºn nà  y mà ¬nh bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t rà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i. Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"ng à ½ chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©? (Perhaps next time, Im busy now. All right?) [(1) Promise for the future acceptance + (2) Reason] 2. Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯a khà ¡c Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c khà ´ng? Hà ´m nay mà ¬nh mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯c hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c rà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i. (Can we set it up for another time? I have to study today.) [(1) An offer of alternative + (2) Reason] These examples show that both Americans and Vietnamese rarely say no directly to their friends even though they are in equal status. Mostly, Americans use regret like Im sorry/what a pity to start their refusal. This style is culturally and socially important and appropriate in America. In contrast, Vietnamese may feel that it is less necessary to express their regret due to the familiarity and close social distance. It reflects traditional thinking of Vietnamese that in close relationship, people should be open, friendly and informal with each other. Although both two groups tend to use the excuse and reason to soften their refusal, there is slightly different in the order between Americans and Vietnamese. Whereas Vietnamese people offer alternatives or promise for the future acceptance before giving their excuse as a way to reduce threatening face of inviter, Americans use excuse first and follow other alternatives in the future. When the invitee is at an upper status. In the last situation, the speaker, who is at a high social status, declines an invitation to go to the spa with the staff. American speakers refuse this kind of invitation by saying patterns like (1) regret + (2) reason/excuse/explanation. For example: Sorry, Ive made plans. [(1) Regret + (2) Reason (subjective reason)] 2. That sounds lovely. But I have far too much to work right now. Thank for inviting me. [(1) Positive opinion + (2) Reason (subjective reason) + (3) Gratitude] Vietnameses responses are more complicated and detailed. The usual formula is (1) Gratitude + (2) Reason Cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £m Æ ¡n cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­u nhÆ °ng mà ¬nh khà ´ng Ä‘i Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c. Mà ¬nh khà ´ng muà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœn cà ¡c nhà ¢n vià ªn khà ¡c hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™u nhà ¡Ã‚ ºm. Thà ´ng cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £m cho mà ¬nh nhà ©. (Thanks, but I cant go with you. Im afraid to be misunderstood by other staffs. Sympathize with me!) [(1) Gratitude + (2) Reason (objective reason) + (3) Sympathy) 2. Cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £m Æ ¡n cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­u rà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t nhià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ u nhÆ °ng cuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi tuà ¡Ã‚ ºn nà  y mà ¬nh phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i tham dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± Ä‘Ã ¡m cÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi cà ¡Ã‚ »a Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©a bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t rà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i. (Thank you so much but Im going to attend one of my friends wedding at the weekend.) [(1) Gratitude + (2) Reason (objective reason)] Once again, regrets are favored by Americans when refusing an invitation. Vietnamese, however, produce many thanks as gratitude first and state reasons later. In this case, although Vietnamese bosses are at higher status than invitees, most of them say thank you to their staff in order to appreciate their staffs good will. There is a striking difference between American and Vietnamese speakers when giving reasons for their refusals. Americans often give their subjective reasons like Im so busy, Ive made my plan to inform the inviter that they cant go. Because one of American culture values is to respect individual freedom. Therefore, if the invitees give their own personal reasons, the inviter will accept their refusals and are not curious about real reasons anymore. Meanwhile, Vietnamese tend to use objective reasons to soften the face threatening act of the refusals. Conclusion America and Vietnam are two countries with different linguistic and cultural features. However, in cross-culture linguistic, beside the differences due to socio-norm dissimilarities these two countries still have something in common. When taking strategies in refusing an invitation into consideration, we can find out main similarities and differences as following: Similarities: When refusing an invitation, American and Vietnamese speakers usually use indirect strategy with most communicating partners. Both of them avoid saying no directly to their interlocutors whether they are at high, low or equal status. The common tendency is that Americans and Vietnamese give a variety of reason to avoid losing their inviters faces. Differences: Americans produce much more expression of regrets and reasons to refuse invitations. Typically, regrets often follow reasons in an utterance of refusals. Americans tend to give their subjective reasons in most cases. Vietnamese counterparts are fond of offering alternatives or a promise for acceptance in the future to make the inviter feel released. They also try to give the interlocutors the objective reasons to soften the face threatening act. Teaching implications The results of this thesis demonstrate that refusing in general and refusing an invitation to be specific is a complex task because it requires the high level of communicative competence. In order to avoid pragmatic failure, speakers need to understand fully both socio-cultural strategies used by most native speakers and the rules for their appropriate implementation. Therefore, I have some following teaching recommendations for L2 teachers: Prepare authentic materials for learners because learning a second language also means learning a second culture. Students should have a chance to get familiar with materials that are closely related to the daily activities of the country of the language they are learning. Teach language forms and functions parallel and contextually in both formal and informal situations in order to develop the learners sociolinguistic ability in an L2. Encourage students to perform different speech acts in an L2 in different situations of social status, social distance, and with reference to the gender relation between the speakers and interlocutors. Organize activities that students can have chances to communicate with both native and non-native speakers of English.

Child Abuse in A Child Called It by Dave Pelzer Essay -- A Child Calle

In American society today we fail to address several issues that need to be addressed. Unfortunately, child abuse is one of the major issues that our country is plagued with, yet we neglect to bring this to the attention of the entire nation. It is often over looked because everyone has a different view of what exactly defines child abuse. The International Child Abuse Network (ICAN) uses four basis categories to docunment the child abuse cases. They are: emotional abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. I will be describing the first three. Emotional Abuse, (also known as: Verbal abuse, mental abuse, and psychological cruelty) includes acts or the failures to act by parents or caretakers that have caused or could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional or mental disorders. This can include parents and/or caretakers using extreme or bizarre forms of punishment, such as the child being confined in a closet or dark room, being tied to a chair for long periods of time, or threatening or terrorizing a young mind. Less severe acts, but no less damaging is overly negative criticism or rejecting treatment, using degrading terms to describe the child, constant victimizing or blaming the child for situations. Neglect (the failure to provide for the child?s basic needs) can be physical, educational, or emotional. Physical neglect can include not providing adequate food, clothing, appropriate medical care, supervision, or proper weather protection (heating or coats) to the child. Educational neglect can include failure to provide appropriate schooling or special educational needs, allowing excessive truancies, to the child. Psychological neglect is the lack of any emotional support and love, never attending to the child, spousal abuse, or drug and alcohol abuse including allowing the child to participate in drug and alcohol use. Physical abuse is to cause or inflict physical injury upon the child. This may include, burning, hitting, punching, shaking, kicking, beating, or otherwise harming a child. The parent or caretaker may claim not to have intended to hurt the child, that the injury was an accident. It may have however, been the result of over-disciplines or physical punishment that is inappropriate to the child?s age. In 1998 NCANDS (National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System) calculated the Fatalities by Maltreatment, Child Abuse... ... Year Published:  2004 3. The Child Welfare League of America. (1999). State Child Welfare Agency Survey. US Bureau of the Census; ?Estimates of the population of state by age, sex, race & Hispanic origin: 1990 to 1999;? published 12/29/99 Administration for Children and Families Fact Sheets and Publications Table of Contents: Child Maltreatment 2000 Chapter 5 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The World Wide Web Virtual Library: The Men's Issues Page  Ã‚   Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics from the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse April, 1994 and 1995 Number of Child Abuse and Neglect Reports Nationwide  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Association for Protecting Children (AAPC). (1988) Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting, 1986. Denver, CO.: American Humane Association.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ogintz, E. The Littlest Victim. Chicago Tribune, Thursday, October 6, 1988.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sedlak, A. (1990) Technical Amendments to the Study Findings--National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect: 1988. Rockville, MD: Westat, Inc.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wiese, D. and Daro, D. (1995) Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1994 Annual Fifty State Survey. Chicago, IL.: NCPCA. Child Abuse in A Child Called It by Dave Pelzer Essay -- A Child Calle In American society today we fail to address several issues that need to be addressed. Unfortunately, child abuse is one of the major issues that our country is plagued with, yet we neglect to bring this to the attention of the entire nation. It is often over looked because everyone has a different view of what exactly defines child abuse. The International Child Abuse Network (ICAN) uses four basis categories to docunment the child abuse cases. They are: emotional abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. I will be describing the first three. Emotional Abuse, (also known as: Verbal abuse, mental abuse, and psychological cruelty) includes acts or the failures to act by parents or caretakers that have caused or could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional or mental disorders. This can include parents and/or caretakers using extreme or bizarre forms of punishment, such as the child being confined in a closet or dark room, being tied to a chair for long periods of time, or threatening or terrorizing a young mind. Less severe acts, but no less damaging is overly negative criticism or rejecting treatment, using degrading terms to describe the child, constant victimizing or blaming the child for situations. Neglect (the failure to provide for the child?s basic needs) can be physical, educational, or emotional. Physical neglect can include not providing adequate food, clothing, appropriate medical care, supervision, or proper weather protection (heating or coats) to the child. Educational neglect can include failure to provide appropriate schooling or special educational needs, allowing excessive truancies, to the child. Psychological neglect is the lack of any emotional support and love, never attending to the child, spousal abuse, or drug and alcohol abuse including allowing the child to participate in drug and alcohol use. Physical abuse is to cause or inflict physical injury upon the child. This may include, burning, hitting, punching, shaking, kicking, beating, or otherwise harming a child. The parent or caretaker may claim not to have intended to hurt the child, that the injury was an accident. It may have however, been the result of over-disciplines or physical punishment that is inappropriate to the child?s age. In 1998 NCANDS (National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System) calculated the Fatalities by Maltreatment, Child Abuse... ... Year Published:  2004 3. The Child Welfare League of America. (1999). State Child Welfare Agency Survey. US Bureau of the Census; ?Estimates of the population of state by age, sex, race & Hispanic origin: 1990 to 1999;? published 12/29/99 Administration for Children and Families Fact Sheets and Publications Table of Contents: Child Maltreatment 2000 Chapter 5 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The World Wide Web Virtual Library: The Men's Issues Page  Ã‚   Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics from the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse April, 1994 and 1995 Number of Child Abuse and Neglect Reports Nationwide  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Association for Protecting Children (AAPC). (1988) Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting, 1986. Denver, CO.: American Humane Association.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ogintz, E. The Littlest Victim. Chicago Tribune, Thursday, October 6, 1988.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sedlak, A. (1990) Technical Amendments to the Study Findings--National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect: 1988. Rockville, MD: Westat, Inc.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wiese, D. and Daro, D. (1995) Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 1994 Annual Fifty State Survey. Chicago, IL.: NCPCA.

Agriculture and Technology Essay

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings 1) Summary of Character Traits a) School smart (Maya is smart. When she moves to San Francisco from Stamps, Arkansas, she is skipped a grade. b) Caring sister (she always talks of her devotion to Baily) c) Determined (she wants to get a Job with the streetcar company and she keeps bugging them until they finally give her a Job) d) Proud (she lives with the Junkyard kids instead of going back to her father’s; she slaps Dolores for calling her mother a whore) 2) Appearance a) African American, tall, skinny, small and squinty eyes, big feet, large ap between her front teeth, black hair 3) What The Character Wants a) Maya wants, ultimately, for her family to be happy. She wants the segregation of blacks to end (she is disgusted when young white girls call her grandmother by her first name). 4) How the Character Changes a) After being raped, Maya stops talking as much b) After spending time living in the Junkyard, Maya learns tolerance, which will help her through out her life. She matures from a young girl to a mother, as well. c) Becomes more mature once she gets her Job with the street ars 5) Key Statements About the Character a) â€Å"Ritie, dont worry Ocause you ain’t pretty. Plenty of pretty women I seen digging ditches or worse. You smart. I swear to God, I rather you have a good mind than a cute behind. † (p. 56) b) â€Å"In those moments I decided that although Baily loved me he couldn’t help. 0 1 knew that because I loved him so much I could never hurt him† (p. 73) 6) Key Actions a) Father comes to Stamps and takes them to their mother b) Moves back to Stamps, then to SF c) Drives home from Mexico d) Slaps Dolores br;  e) Stays with the Junkyard people f) Gets pregnant 7) What Others Think Of the Character a) When they are younger, Baily really looks out for Maya. As they grow up, and after she spends time with her father, they drift apart. b) Her grandmother loves Maya very much, and knows that she is a very smart girl with a lot of potential. c) Her mother seems to care much more about her than her father did. Thesis Statement: Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"l Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. br>Maya Angelou faces many hardships, yet manages to overcome them all, in her autobiography, â€Å"l Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Maya is a strong willed, often stubborn, outgoing, somewhat outspoken, and rather intelligent girl. She becomes very tolerant due to some of her experiences. She also matures faster mentally than many other girls her age because of her situation and experiences. From the time she was young and through adolescence, Maya considered herself ugly. She was a tall, somewhat lanky African American. She was skinny, and felt that her eyes were too small and squinty. She was also ashamed of her large feet. r; Throughout the story, Maya is discouraged by the segregation of the blacks. For a long time she is denied the Job that she wishes to have because of the color of her skin. Also, she wants her family to be together and to be happy. She is separated from her parents at a young age and lives with her grandmother and uncle for most of her childhood. When she is with her parents, she tends to feel secondary. There is always something a touch more important that she and her brother Baily. autobiography, â€Å"l Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. When the book begins, Angelou is a young child, a mere three years old. As she grows up, though somewhat sheltered by her grandmother’s position as a general store owner, her eyes are opened to the current ways of the South. Blacks are lesser people that whites, and that was the way it was for her. On several occasions she watched in horror as young girls called her grandmother by her first name, when they should have been respectful and at lease used â€Å"Miss†. Once breaking the segregation barrier for herself, she gets a Job with the Streetcar Company. Having a Job, and the responsibility that comes with it, she mentally matures faster than the other children her age. While living with her mother he first time, Maya is molested by her mother’s boyfriend. After this, she becomes almost completely silent. She avoids talking as much as possible, which is a contrast to her previous behavior. Maya spends time living with other children in a Junkyard after her father asks her to leave. He asks her to leave because she and his girlfriend, Dolores, get into a fght and Dolores hurts Maya. After spending time with those children, she learns tolerance and matures more. Also, after becoming pregnant and realizing that she is responsible for another human life, she matures even more and becomes more responsible. br>Maya and her brother Baily were very close during their childhood and most of their adolescence. Baily was always proud of Maya for her intelligence, even though at times she wished she could have forfeited it for good looks. Baily expresses his pride by saying, â€Å"[Maya], don’t worry Ocause you ain’t pretty. Plenty of pretty women I mind than cute behind. (p. 56) After being raped, Maya wishes to protect her brother. She doesn’t want anything to happen to him because, according to her, she isn’t as good of a person as she should be. Through out her life

Trinity University Admissions and Acceptance Rate

Trinity University Admissions and Acceptance Rate Founded in 1869, Trinity University is a small, private university with historic ties to the Presbyterian Church. The university occupies a 117-acre campus of red brick buildings overlooking San Antonio, Texas. Nearby colleges include University of the Incarnate Word  and St. Marys University. Students come from 45 states and 64 countries, and the college has an impressive 9 to 1 student / faculty ratio. Trinitys business programs are the most popular among the schools 47 majors, but the universitys strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned the school a chapter of the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society. The university is largely residential with over three-quarters of students living on campus. In athletics, the Trinity Tigers compete in the NCAA Division III Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC). Will you get in? Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Trinity University Acceptance Rate: 41  percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for TrinityTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 580 / 690SAT Math: 580 / 680What these SAT numbers meanTop Texas colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 27 / 31ACT English: 26  / 33ACT Math: 26 / 30What these ACT numbers meanTop Texas colleges ACT comparison Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 2,466  (2,298 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 47% Male / 53% Female98% Full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $39,560Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,754Other Expenses: $1,400Total Cost: $54,714 Trinity University Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of Students Receiving Aid: 98 percentPercentage of Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 96 percentLoans: 40  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $24,049Loans: $9,197 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Communication Studies, Economics, Engineering, English, Finance, History, Marketing, Political ScienceWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 89  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 68 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 77  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Football, Track and Field, Soccer, Basketball, Baseball, Cross Country, Swimming, TennisWomens Sports:  Swimming, Soccer, Cross Country, Track and Field, Volleyball, Tennis If You Like Trinity University, You May Also Like These Schools: Rice University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBaylor University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas Christian University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSt Marys University: Profile  University of Houston: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas Tech University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Dallas: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDuke University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphVanderbilt University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStanford University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Trinity University Mission Statement: see the complete mission statement at  trinity.edu/departments/academic_affairs/hb/histstr/mission.htm Trinity University is an independent co-educational university whose mission is excellence in the interrelated areas of teaching, research, and service. Trinity seeks to provide broad and intensive educational opportunities primarily to undergraduates in liberal arts and sciences, and in selected professional and pre-professional fields. It also offers a small number of selected high quality graduate programs. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Biography of George Pullman, Sleeping Rail Car Inventor

Biography of George Pullman, Sleeping Rail Car Inventor George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831–Oct. 19, 1897) was a cabinet-maker turned building contractor turned industrialist who developed the Pullman sleeping car in 1857. Pullmans sleeper, designed for overnight passenger travel, was a sensation that revolutionized the railroad industry, replacing the uncomfortable sleeping cars that had been used on American railroads since the 1830s. But he paid a price in labor union animosity that followed him to his grave. Fast Facts: George M. Pullman Known For: Developing the Pullman railroad sleeper carBorn: March 3, 1831 in Brocton,  New YorkParents: James Pullman, Emily PullmanDied: Oct. 19, 1897 in Chicago, IllinoisSpouse: Harriett SangerChildren: Florence, Harriett, George Jr., Walter Sanger Early Life Pullman was the third of 10 children born to James and Emily Pullman in Brocton, New York. The family relocated to Albion, New York, in 1845 so that Pullman’s father, a carpenter, could work on the  Erie Canal. James Pullmans specialty was moving structures out of the way of the canal with jackscrews and another device he patented in 1841. Move to Chicago When James Pullman died in 1853, George Pullman took over the business. He won a contract with the state of New York the next year to move 20 buildings from the canals path. In 1857, Pullman opened a similar business in  Chicago, Illinois, where much help was needed in raising buildings above the  Lake Michigan  flood plain. Pullman’s company was one of several hired to lift multistory buildings and whole city blocks by four to six feet. Ten years after he moved to Chicago, he married Harriett Sanger. They had four children: Florence, Harriett, and twins George Jr., and Walter Sanger. Working on the Railroad Pullman realized that new buildings with better foundations would reduce the citys need for his services and decided to go into manufacturing and leasing railroad cars. The railroad system was booming, and although the greatest need was for transporting raw materials and finished goods, he had a different idea. He frequently traveled by railroad in pursuit of business but found regular cars to be uncomfortable and dirty. The sleeping cars were just as unsatisfactory, with cramped beds and poor ventilation. He decided to focus on the passenger experience. Partnering with  Benjamin Field, a friend and former New York state senator, he decided to build a sleeper that was not just comfortable. He wanted luxury. He persuaded the Chicago, Alton, and St. Louis Railroad to let him convert two of its cars. The Pullman Sleepers debuted in August  1859 and were a roaring success, with reviewers comparing them to luxury  steamboat  cabins. Pullman briefly succumbed to gold fever, relocating to Colorado and catering to miners before returning to Chicago in the 1860s. He devoted himself to making the sleepers even more luxurious. A Better Sleeper The first made-from-scratch Pullman- the â€Å"Pioneer,† developed with Field- debuted in 1865. It had folding upper berths and seat cushions that could be extended to make lower berths. The cars were expensive, but they gained national attention and increased demand when several of them were included in the train that took Abraham Lincoln’s body from Washington, D.C., back to  Springfield,  Illinois, following his assassination in 1865. (The slain president’s son,  Robert Todd Lincoln,  succeeded Pullman as president of the Pullman Co. after Pullmans death in 1897, serving until 1911.) In 1867, Pullman and Field dissolved their partnership and Pullman became president of the new  Pullman Palace Car Co. In 12 years the company was offering 464 cars for lease. The new company also manufactured and sold freight, passenger, refrigerator, street, and elevated cars. As the railroad industry continued to develop and Pullman prospered, he paid $8 million in 1880 for construction of the town of Pullman, Illinois, on 3,000 acres adjacent to his factory west of Lake Calumet. It provided housing, shops, and other amenities for his company employees at all income levels. Union Strike Pullman, which eventually became a neighborhood of Chicago, was the site of a vicious labor strike beginning in May 1894. Over the previous nine months, the Pullman factory had reduced its workers wages but did not lower the cost of living in its houses. Pullman workers joined labor organizer and American socialist leader Eugene Debs American Railroad Union (ARU) in the spring of 1894 and shut down the factory with a strike on May 11. When management refused to deal with the ARU, the union prompted a nationwide boycott of Pullman cars on June 21. Other groups within the ARU started sympathy strikes on behalf of the Pullman workers in an attempt to paralyze the nations railroad industry. The U.S. Army was called into the dispute on July 3, and the arrival of soldiers sparked widespread violence and looting in Pullman and Chicago. The strike unofficially ended four days later when Debs and other union leaders were jailed. The Pullman factory reopened in August and denied local union leaders an opportunity to return to their jobs. Following the strike, the Pullman Co. continued to thrive. While his factory maintained production of railroad sleeping cars, Pullman also ran the company that built the elevated railway system in  New York City. Death Pullman died of a  heart attack  on Oct. 19, 1897, at the age of 66. The bitter strike left Pullman reviled by the labor movement. So deep was the lingering animosity and fear that, to ward off vandalism or desecration of his body, Pullman was buried in a lead-lined coffin inside an elaborately reinforced, steel-and-concrete vault with walls that were 18 inches thick. Over this were laid steel rails placed at right angles to each other and bolted together. Everything was then covered in tons of concrete. The pit dug for the elaborate vault was the size of an average room. Legacy The Pullman Co. merged with the Standard Steel Car Co. in 1930 and became the Pullman-Standard Co. In 1982, the company built its last car for  Amtrak, and soon afterward the company faded away. By 1987, the assets had been sold off. Pullman transformed the railroad sleeping car from a smelly, cramped mess into rolling luxury, making overnight train travel more appealing to those who could afford it. He created an enormous business that made his name synonymous with a major component of the railroad industry. Sources George M. Pullman: American Industrialist and Inventor. Enclopedia Britannica.George Mortimer Pullman. Pullman-Museum.org.

Please read instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Please read instructions - Essay Example Additionally, I learned the way students use the social media as a medium to look for networking for jobs. Most students use the social media by completing their profile for the entire site they join and posting their diverse content online. Here my marketing plan will involve completing my profile for each site that I access. I will also post diverse content on my sire like quotes, recommendation, and things I observed. Another marketing plan is subscribing to follow industry leaders and companies in finance. Subsequently, I will stay posted on the privacy setting and new features on finance (Waldman,  6). Increasingly, I learned the fundamentals and basic of how one needs to use the LinkedIn. LinkedIn site is used in managing the professional identity of a person. The site is a first search result, important to update and use, and quite different from the normal Facebook in terms of their connection and profile management. My marketing plan on this case will involve building my profile and locate internship and entry-level finance jobs on the site. First, I will start networking with my friends and family, and search for common grounds in

Fresh Food is always better than Frozen Food Essay

Fresh Food is always better than Frozen Food - Essay Example Over the years the market for frozen food has grown tremendously. Market research has revealed that many of the consumers use frozen food because they find the â€Å"Ready-to-Eat† deli lines a very convenient option because with the passage of time life is becoming very fast paced and going through the hassle of cooking food appears to be a waste of time when convenient food solutions are present for the consumers. But the important question here is how far consumers are willing to go for convenience? Would they disregard the fact that frozen food carries with it the potential of harmful bacteria and diseases which can result in serious illnesses? There has been a lot of debate over the health implications of frozen foods, many believe it to be a myth but some researchers have proven that if frozen food is not cooked at the optimum temperature then it can adversely affect the health of the consumers. According to experts frozen food is safe if it is made sure that it is stored below zero degrees centigrade at all times. Freezing food slows down the activity of the microorganisms present in the food but does not inhibit it altogether. Therefore, when the food is left to thaw the rate of activity of the microorganisms is much more than that of fresh food. Consequently, if frozen food is not cooked immediately it can be very harmful for the human body. Moreover, the enzymatic activity causes chemical reactions in food which are not halted by freezing. This enzymatic activity can cause health problems when frozen vegetables are eaten and are not particularly dangerous in terms of meat and fish. To ensure that frozen vegetables are safe to eat they first need to either be blanched or partially cooked for some time before frozen (United states Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service , 2-3). Our argument here is why go through so much hassle and stress regarding health when one can avoid it by using fresh food? When using fresh food one can be sure of the fact that all the ingredients used have been hand-picked by the consumer and that he has himself cooked them therefore the element of a lack of hygiene does not hold true while using fresh food. Listeria is the name of a pathogen which is not very commonly known to the masses. This pathogen causes severe food-poisoning and surprisingly patients infected by the Listeria pathogen are hospitalized the most compared to other food-poisoning pathogens such as the E.Coli bacteria, which the masses are more aware of but is milder when compared to Listeria. The major difference between Listeria other food-borne pathogens is that Listeria can throve in an atmosphere of low oxygen and low temperatures. Consequently, in frozen ready-to-eat meals the Listeria content is very high. The listeria content is particularly high in frozen food containing meat or poultry, therefore when people consume such a diet they are vulnerable to being exposed to a harmful pathogen such as Listeria which can affect the well-being of the individual by initially starting off as a mere flu and moving on to even a nervous system infection. People with low immunity need to be particularly careful when consuming products that are otherwise considered not very safe to eat such as frozen ready-to-eat meals. Moreover, people suffering from diseases such as AIDS,